Task 12 - Transitions and Effects

Style of Editing

Transitions are the movements from one shot to the next. Different transitions suggest different ideas to the audience that are watching the film which means that it is really important that you choose the tight transition for the shots.


Straight Cuts

Straight cuts are the mot common and "invisible" form of transition. This happens when one shot moves instantaneously to the next without attracting the audience's attention from what they are watching. By using straight cuts, it helps to retain reality in the film. This type of transition is mostly used in continuity editing as they do not break the viewers suspension of disbelief.


Dissolves

A dissolve is when one shot fades into a different shot. The audience will be able to see both shots at the mid-point of the dissolve. This transition suggests that the two shots are connected in some way. It might be two characters, places or objects. Dissolves shows/suggests between two shots.

Fades

Fades are like dissolves but instead of dissolving one shot into another. Fades are gradual darkening or lightening or lighting of an image until the screen becomes black or white. This can be seen at the start or at the end of a particular sections of time within the narrative.


Wipes

Wipes are an unusual transition. This is when one image is pushed off the screen by another shot. Images can be pushed in any direction but more common for the images to be pushed off to the left-hand side. This shows time has is moving forward. This shows the audience that they are being shown different locations that are experiencing the same time. This us a way of saying "meanwhile..."

Graphic Match

Graphic Match is a very specialised type of transition. This is not something an editor adds between two shots but it is more of a decision about which two shots to but next to each other. Graphic Match is created when two shots similar in shape are placed next to each other. This can be seen in the film Psycho after the woman is murdered and you see the water going down the plug hole then the shot slowly changes to the the woman eye.

Effects  

Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space

Effects allow the film maker to very effectively manipulate of diegetic time. Effects are used to show that time has either gone backwards or if it has gone forward.It also shows different locations. It also shows how fast or how slow time has really moved on. Effects can be something really simple such as using a colour filter to show that the time time has changed. Black and white filters are used to show flashbacks the the character is having. Many different effects that can be added in the post production stage (editing). One of the most popular technique is to alter space and time.

This can be seen in the 1960 film The Time Machine when the time traveller enters the time machine and the whole environment that he lives in changes around him as he travels through time.

There is also a more modern version of this effect that has been used in the film Harry Potter and the Prisoner Of Azkaban. The sequence uses layers and altering the speed of the images to make them look like they are moving back though time.

Task 11 - Creating Pace with Cross Cutting

Here is our cross cutting video. To show the pace in our video is buy putting slow and fast music in it to show actor 1 getting ready for the meet slowly and actor 3 getting ready fast. Actor 1 then meet with actor 2 and it is all slow and dramatic when actor 3 walks into the room where the meeting is being held.

Task 10 - understanding Pace

speed Of Editing

In many films, each scene may last a matter of seconds, or it can continue for minutes but the length of each sequence establishes the pace of the film moving the action along.

The speed of editing will help to determine the mood of what taking place on screen.

When the audience feel anxiety and suspense, it is because the editing is quick and the scenes/shots are changing frequently. For example in an action sequence.
This can be seen in the movie The Bourne Ultimatum with the big action seen between Bourne vs Desh.



In romantic comedy, there is a relaxed mood desired. the scenes last longer and change less frequently.
This can be seen in the film The Note Book.




A film need not have any editing. The film Russian Ark was filmed in one take using a steadicam and a digital camera. This required split-second timing and organisation.

Trailer for a film needs to pack in detail from though out the film. The editing will be very fast. This can be seen in the trailer of the second Hunger Game film Catching Fire.

Cross Cutting

Cross Cutting is when you edit two sequences together that the audience need to know are connected in a way. This can be seen when something is happening at the same time but in a different location or when a character is reliving a memory.

Developing Drama 

Cross Cutting can be used to very effectively develop a scene of drama. This can be seen in the opening scene of the movie Scream when the death of Casey is made more dramatic by the cross cutting to her parents approaching the house and almost making it home in time to save her from her death.

Task 9 - Non-Continuity Editing

Non-Continuity Editing is known as "Freach New Wave" and is the opposite of Continuity Editing.
Film makers such as Jean Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut created French New Wave by pushing the limits of editing.

French New Wave films are simply use a carefree editing style and do not follow or use the traditional editing etiquette that Hollywood films would use.
Non-Continuity Editing usually draws attention to itself by its lack of continuity, its self-reflexive nature. This is to remind the audience they are watching a film and not real life.

They used material not often related to any narrative which would keep the audience surprised and intrigued. Jump cut (The gap in action is emphasised) is used to startle the viewer and to draw attention to something that is happening.

Breaking the 180 Degree Rule

Non-continuity editing also ignored the 180 degree rule. Lots of moden film makers still use this technique when wanting to be creative. If you cross the invisible line and characters will swap places on screen to show something is going wrong.

This can be seen in the movie "the Hunger Games".

Here we have Katniss Everdeen walking into her brand new bedroom in the first shot, where she will be staying while she is training for the Hunger Games and she is standing on the left side of the room. This makes every thing look normal and that every thing is fine.


However, in the next shot, Katniss is standing on the right side of the room. This shows The audience that something is not right from the moment that she enters the room. This shows Katniss entering a whole new "world". Something she is not really use to. This could be warning the audience that something bad may happen to Katniss when she has to take part in the Hunger Game.

Task 8 -Using Continuity Editing Techniques

Here is the film that me ant my group made for Continuity Editing. With this film, you may be able to see that we had tried to put in all the techniques that you have to use for Continuity Editing. The techniques that can be seen are match on action, eye-line match, shot, reverse shot and the 180 degree rule.

 
The match on action can be seen when the second actress was walking in though the door from the hall in once shot, then in the other shot she can be seen entering the class room.

Shot, reverse shot is seen when both of the actress are having a small conversion with each other when the student (second actress) to the teacher (first actress) why she is late to her class and you can see that 180 degree rule has been used because both actresses stay in the same places while they have this small conversation.

Eye-line match can be seen when actress one is seen writing on the white bored and looking at something of screen in the first scene, then in the second scene the camera switches to what she was looking at in the first scene. This links the two scenes together to help the audience understand what the first actress was looking at.

Task 7 - Understanding Continuity Editing

Continuity Editing became known as the 'Classical Hollywood' Style editing that was developed by early European and American directors this can be seen in D.W. Griffith films known as 'The Birth of A Nation' and 'Intolerance'.
This classical style ensures temporal (time) and spatial (space) continuity as a way of advancing narrative. there are a few techniques such as the 180 degree rule, match on action, shot,eye-line match and shot, reverse shot.

This style retain a sense of realistic chronology and gives the audience the feeling of time moving on.
in continuity editing, you can have flash forwards or even flashbacks just as long as the narrative will still be seen moving forward in a realistic way.


Eye-line Match
 To use Eye-line match, the two shots have to link together. In this technique, we can see the character looking at something that is off screen then cuts to a shot of whatever the object that the character is looking at. This allows the audience to experience an event in the film the same way that the character is experiencing it.


















This image shows a perfect example of Eye-Line Match because we see the actress looking at a object that is off screen in the first shot but then in the second shot the camera turns to the object that the actress was looking at which just happens to be the painting.

Match-On-Action
To use Match-On-Action, the two shots have to link together. This technique shows the character starting a action in one shot before the camera cuts to a new angle and we can see the character finish off the action in the second shot, this ensures that the action seems natural and realistic to anyone who watches the shots.



















This image from the movie scream is a good example of Match-On-Action because you can see how both of the shots are linked together. In the first shot you have the actress running towards the door and in the next shot you see how she is locking the same door in hopes that it will save her from being killed by whoever it is that is trying to get her.

Shot, Reverse Shot
To use Shot, Reverse Shot, the two shots need to link together. In one shot it reveals one character talking and then the other shot shows the other character giving their response to the first character. This technique allows the audience to connect the two characters and realize that they are interacting with one another.

This image is good for shot reverse shot because in one shot you can tell that there is two people on the screen. In the other shot you see that the camera has turned to have more of a close up on the first actress this is to show that she is talking to the second actress. In the last shot you can see the camera has turned and you can see a close up of the second actress. This shows the it is now her turn to reply to the first actress.



180 Degree Rule

The 180 Degree Rule is a basic guideline the states that the characters in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship with each other and if the camera passes over the imaginary axis, it is known as crossing the line.

Task 6 -Creating a Montage

Hollywood Montage



Here is the film that my group had made in the style of a Hollywood montage.
The idea for this Hollywood montage is about three students day at school. It is two show three different emotions that you can feel with a typical school day. Those Emotions are sad, okay and happy. It also shows them enjoying their lunch break and break time with another friend before they rush off to enjoy their weekend after a long day of school

Soviet Montage



Here is the second film that my group made in the style of a Soviet Montage. The idea for this film was to make school look more like a prison then a place of education. It is also show what bulling actually feels like when you see three girls picking on a another girl then it shows lions attacking a animal. this type of film giving off a message to anyone who doesn't really understand the real feeling of feeling trapped and attacked.

Task 5 - Understanding Montage Theory

Montage is know as a technique where you select, edit and piece together different film clips and then put them together to make a whole film.

Montage has three slightly different contexts:

• French film montage
• Hollywood montage
• Early Soviet filmmaking 

French film

The meaning of 'montage' in French simply means just editing the film.
The literal french meaning "Assembly".

Hollywood Cinema

Hollywood Cinema takes shots through out the whole day and then the editor will go and chose which parts are the best to keep for the filming. This can be seen in the movie "Rocky" as we go along through his day of training for a big boxing match that he has coming up. You can see that they have taken the good parts of Rocky's training so that we can see how hard working he is.

Early Soviet Filmmaking
With Soviet Montage, "montage" had a different meaning. The film makers started juxtaposing shots to create new meaning that did not exist in either shot alone. This is used for comparing two different things to reveal a hidden or deeper meaning. Lev Kuleshov was a young soviet film maker and did an experiment in 1920 where he took an old film clip of a head shot of a Russian actor and an inter-cut the shot with different images. By Putting the the picture of the actor and the dead child, the audience can see that the actor is sad then by putting him next to a picture of food the audience think he is hungry and then putting him next to a picture of a woman the audience think he is thinking of lust. If the picture of the actor was on his own, then the audience would not know what he was thinking about or what he was feeling.

In the 1925 film Strike! (Seget Eisenttein) Soviet filmmaking is used to reveal a hidden or deeper meaning such as the Russian troops were mistreating the strikers and this can be seen in the clips of the butchers slaughtering the cattle. The first two scenes seem unrelated until the Russian troops start killing the striking works, linking the butcher to the Russian troops and the works to the cattle that is being slaughtered by the butcher. This is telling the audience the striking workers were being killed like they were animals.  

Task 4 -From Analogue to Digital Editing

Analogue film and editing is (splicing)

Analogue editing is when you cut together pieces of Celluloid Film. 

At one point in film making, images were printed on to acetate negatives. Once that was done, they were then "spliced" (cut&stuck) together to form the reel of film. After the film was made, it would then be feed through a projector at a constant speed of 24 frames a second which then makes the pictures look like they are moving.


The Moviola

Moviola was invented in the year 1924 and was invented by Iwan Serrurier. The Moviola was the first device that allowed directors to view the film they were making while it was being edited. This machine was used for feature length motion picture editing.













Video editing .

Before digital technologies became available, magnetic tapes were used to store information-these are known as video tapes. 

Video editing is the process of editing segments of these tapes using a device that mechanically put pieces of video tape together. The film has to be edited in the right order.

Digital Editing

Digital Media is a form of electronic media where data had been saved in digital form. Digital Editing is used on computers to order and manipulate this digital data. When it comes to Digital Editing, there are different programs such as: Adobe Premier, Avid and Final Cut Pro. Digital film making uses bits and bytes to record, transmit and reply images, instead of chemicals on film.

When it comes to digital editing, it is all electronically done so there is no need for printing or "splicing". This way of editing soon took over Video editing because of it being a quicker and cheaper way to edit. The best thing of this is that you can edit in any order.

NON-Linear editing is...

When you edit in any order, it is called Non-Linear editing. This means you can edit a sequence from the end before you even edit the first scene in the film. The whole progress uses a electronic files that makes cutting and pasting text into a word documents. 

The pros and cons analogue and digital editing

There are pros and cons on both Analogue and Digital editing. 

The Pros in Analogue editing is that Analogue editing is quicker and precise for people who are filming. it is also safer to film because theres less chance of the film getting damaged. On the other hand, the Cons to Analogue editing such as if you make a mistake, you can't change it or take a retake of the scene you shot. Also, in the time of Analogue editing, there was no CD's or VHS' so it would be more expensive to film and it would be harder to carry. Another con to Analogue is that you could not have any communication with the person behind the camera because you can't edit out people talking.

The Pros to Digital editing is that you can put clips together in any order with also means you can film in any order you like. The Cons to Digital editing is that it could be hard for people to use because it is more complex to understand and may struggle when it comes to editing. Also, Digital editing relies on technology, so you never know if the technology you will be using will work or not or it could break while being used.

Task 3 - Developing Editing Techniques

George Melies was the historical filmmaker who came across 'In-camera editing' completely by accident while as he was filming his film 'The Vanishing Lady' and his camera stopped working for a moment. In-camera editing is a technique of production, which the camera operator shoots the shots in the exact order of what the filmmaker wants his/her audience to see. In-Camera editing was used a great amount in the early days of film making before the use 'splicing' became a lot easier way to edit. The film that is being made is simply "edited" just by simply turning on and off the camera.

Pros and Cons of In-Camera Editing

PROS

• It gives you time to change the setting of where you would like to film.
• It makes you think about the footage that you want to capture for the film you are making.
• It's less time consuming when it comes to editing 
• It gives your actors more time to practice what they are going to do before you start filming

CONS

• If you end up making a mistake there is no way that you can change it. 
• The use of communication 
• The timing
• You can only take one clip and you have to stick with in. You can not change it.

The pros that can be seen in my In-Camera editing film is that it gave us time to move from one place to another, inside the school. Another pro is that it is less time consuming when it comes to editing because all we had to do was stop the camera when we captured the part that we wanted.

There were a few cons in our work too. one of the cons was when we ended up filming two different clips in the wrong place so when you look at it, it looks very confusing. another Con is with the timing. As I was working on the camera I did not press the stop button on time at one point so the camera is on the actor longer then what it really needed to be. 

Task 2 - In camera Editing

Here is my In Camera Editing video that I made with my group. The video is basically about someone who is late to her next lesson of the day and her friend being mad at her for it.
The shots that we used to make this video were:

• close up
• wide shot
• long shot
• high\low angle shots

The one shot I am proud of is when we shot Sarah running up the stairs to get to her class because of the way it flowed through the scene.
The shot that I am least proud of is when the camera started to play up and then scene when there was meant to be a close up of Cara's face popped up at the wrong time, causing the end of the video to be kind of confusing to people who are watching it.

Task 1- Editing In Early Cinema

Some of the most basic films made in the early 50 years actually have a huge impact on the development in editing. I am going to take you on a small trip through time in editing in the Early Cinema days.

one of the first important people in the beginning of development in editing is Thomas Edison.
Thomas Edison ran a film laboratory that were the kinetographic camera and he invented the kinetoscope. Edison has also developed the 35mm film strip that soon became the industry standard. he soon then went on to develop the projector to play the film strip on.








We then go onto The Lumiere Brothers.
Thomas Edison worked with the Lumiere Brothers and produced short films that happened to be long, static and lock-down shot. The Lumiere Brothers motion in the shot was all that was necessary to amuse the audience. Theses were the first films to show people and bikes and animals moving on the big screen. This can actually be seen in the film "Sortie d'usine." made in the year 1895 by the Lumiere Brothers.

Sortie D'usine (1895)


The next person we are going to start looking at is G.A.Smith. At this point there was no story or editing in films so this means that films ran as long as film strips were in the camera. An Example of this can be seen in the film "The Miller and The Sweep". In the year 1899, G.A.smith made "The Kiss in The Tunnel". This film is said to be the beginning of narrative editing, also known as 'creating of a story'. Smith took advantage of the brief onset of darkness as they went into tunnel to splice (cut then stick two pieces of film together) in the shot of the couple. this is also known as "Phantom ride".

The Miller and The Sweep (1899)

The Kiss In The Tunnel (1899)

we then move onto George Melies.
George Melies was actually a magician who has seen the films that were made by the Lumiere Brothers. Melies saw this as a possibilities to make himself more noticeable to people. George Melies made a film called "The Vanishing Lady". This film was made in the year 1896 and he used the technique called 'In-Camera editing', BUT it has been rumored that he had discovered the art of stop motion purely by accident due to his camera broke down for a moment. Sadly though, he never worked out to move the camera to make close-ups or long shots which meant that his work was soon over looked by many which made the commercial world grow without him and it soon forced him out of business in the year 1913 and he sadly died in poverty and also alone.

The vanishing Lady (1896)

Now we go on to look at Edwin S. Porter.
Porter first worked as an electrician before he went on to join the film laboratory of Thomas Alva Edision in the Late 1890s. He and Edision worked together to make the first longer interesting films. The first longer film was 6 minutes long and was called "Life Of An Amrican Fireman" in the year 1903. This became the breakthrough film for Porter! This film was among the first that had a plot, action and even a close up! The close up was of a hand pulling a fire alarm. When then go onto Porter's ground breaking film "The Great Train Robbery" in 1903. This film is an excellent example of how early films began to resemble the types of films we see today. It also one of the first films to add a bit of colour use in it.

Life Of An American Fireman (1903)

The Great Train Robbery (1903)

Charles Parthe is the next person we move onto.
in Parthe first film 'The Horse That Bolted' in the year 1907, we see that he is the first to use an a example of a technique we now know as Parallel editing-cutting, which is when the camera splits into two different story lines. This is to show two story lines in the film. This is seen between the horse and the mail man. The first story line is the mail man, who is going around giving mail out to people then the second story line is the horse that up to no good and cursing trouble around town. Parallel editing-cutting is now used a lot is shows such as 'EastEnders' to show different story lines that is happening with a person in the show.

The Horse that Bolted (1907)

The last person we now go on to look at is D.W. Griffith.
Griffith was a U.S director and one of the early supporters of the power of editing. when watching his best remembered film 'The Birth Of A Nation' from the year 1915, we can see he used cross-cutting to show parallel action in different locations to show different parts of the war that he want us to see. Griffith was one of the first of all the early directors to actually use editing techniques in his film.

The Birth Of A Nation (1915)